Api Designing Strategy And Architecture - 838 Words

API Designing Strategy and Architecture Application program interfaces have been around for years but their importance and usage have soared as Web, cloud, mobile and machine to machine technologies have been matured and become widely used. Those new ways of computing and business needs have to use them for commercial gain require and easy way to get applications to talk to each other. Here is the evolution of APIs over the period depicted. 1960-1980 1980-1990 1990-2000 2000 - TODAY BASIC INTEROPERABILITY THROUGH ARPANET, ATTP AND TCP SESSIONS Point-to-Point interfaces, Screen Scrapping, RFCs and EDI. Message Oriented Middleware, Enterprise Service bus and SOA Integration as a Service, Restful Service, API management and cloud orchestration Source: http://dupress.deloitte.com/dup-us-en/focus/tech-trends/2015/tech-trends-2015-what-is-api-economy.html So currently, As the world is transitioning from SOA to APIs, a clear understanding of basic difference is necessary between SOA and APIs. SOA APIs Integration Goal Internal or to partners External, often to customers $$$ Project Driver IT costs Business Revenue Interface Consumer Enterprise architects App developers Goals of API Design The broad goal of API design in general can be defined as: †¢ Enabling self-service for app developers and app users alike †¢ Reducing barriers to accessing valuable enterprise resources †¢ Prioritizing the needs and preferences of client app developers †¢ Encouraging collaboration between andShow MoreRelatedAPIs and Future Enterprise Information1845 Words   |  7 PagesAPIs and Future of Enterprise Information Introduction 2 Algorithmic Revolution 2 Stepping Back In Time - Service Orientation 4 From Transactions to Digital Relationships 4 Moving Towards Connected, Composable Businesses 6 Potential Solutions for Governance Issues 6 Singularity - SOA, APIs, and XaaS 8 Conclusion - Enterprise Transformation through XaaS 10 References 11 Introduction Technology is embedded in almost every aspect of business today. Information technology has now become a primary driverRead MoreSoftware Localization Strategies1253 Words   |  5 Pages2. LOCALIZATION STRATEGIES There are two possible strategies for software localization as: 2.1. For designing a new localized software product This strategy based on designing and developing a software product according to specific culture from scratch. Developer can put every resources needed for localized software product in some type of resource repository. This repository may be Windows resource files, .NET assemble files, or a database. This resource repository is easily editable, and also eliminatesRead MoreMalware Analysis And Detection Techniques1552 Words   |  7 Pagesexist which combine the two approaches. In this case, both static and dynamic information are used to detect malware. Figure 5: A classification of malware detection techniques (Idika Mathur 2007) STRATEGIES DEVELOPED FOR MALWARE DETECTION Several authors have come up with a number of strategies for detecting malware and some of them are as follows: Christodorescu et al. (2005) present a malware detection algorithm that helps in curbing the limitation caused by including instruction semanticsRead MoreWhat Is The Purpose Of Express. Js?823 Words   |  4 Pagesmemory or in Redis), selecting the right route pattern based on regular expressions will have to be re-implemented. With Express.js it there for you to use. Express.js is useful to use with Node.js. An example would be to try to write a small REST API server in plain Node.js (that is, using only core modules) and then in Express.js. The latter will take you 5-10x less time and lines of code. Redis is a fast persistent key-value storage. You can optionally use it for storing sessions with ExpressRead MoreWhy I Want to Study Software Engineering and Language Essay650 Words   |  3 PagesC++, JAVA, PL/SQL, PERL and HTML. Parallel to this, I also took up UNIX Shell scripting. My first project was ‘Agent Compensation Reporting System’ for a top Insurance company in United States of America. My work involved requirement analysis, designing, coding and testing of modules responsible to feed data to a computational software module. We designed and tested ‘Data Integration’ modules to convert the data from various sources to the input feed of the engine module. I received ‘FSI INSTA AWARD’Read MoreMobile Apps Development : Iphone Mobile App Development1313 Words   |  6 Pagesapps that monitor the process.[2] Mobile app development, which once seemed like a lark but has become a competitive necessity in eCommerce today, scares many company decision-makers who worry about the high development costs and long lead times. Designing a proprietary app that only works on one device generates an average development cost of $27,463.[3] This work and disbursements for expenses must be duplicated for Andoid, iOS and Windows to achieve anything approaching universal market penetrationRead MoreHow Should I Prepare Your Enterprise For The Increased Adoption Of Cloud Services?3031 Words   |  13 Pagesto the enterprise companies, if the applications are correctly architected to satisfy the business requirements. Some enterprises don’t fully understand while embracing new technologies, as they rush into development mode and forgo the necessary architecture and design changes needed in their IT landscape. Sometimes they also have unrealistic expectations like too-aggressive due dates, too large o f a scope, not the right people, and many other reasons. Hence it is important to avoid the aforesaid commonRead MoreAssignment 11247 Words   |  5 PagesI have extensive experience in managing national level IT systems engineering organization and designing and managing integrated enterprise systems and infrastructure for a service delivery organization supporting thousands of users and multiple lines of business across a large, complex, geographically dispersed environment. The USPTO is a geographically dispersed agency with a work force of around 15 thousand personnel, of which 80% telework full time, the CIO is 700-million-dollar organizationRead MoreSurvey On Graph Databases : Graph Database3635 Words   |  15 Pagesviewed motivations and development of graph databases. Then it sur- veyed ve typical implementations (Apache Giraph, DEX/Sparksee, Hy- perGraphDB, Neo4j, Titan) of this kind of databases via four dimensions (data model, storage system, query method, API and tools). The re- sults of comparison gure out the limits and strengths of dierent graph databases. 1 Introduction In 1970 E.F.Codd published the paper A relational model of data for large shared data banks[13] where the relational model was proposedRead MoreEnhance Testability Of The Code With Test Coverage1716 Words   |  7 Pagesvivek.kalidindi@optum.com Optum Global Solutions, HYD-II ` TNS 2014 Page 1 Abstract: In Agile it is vital that testing provide feedback on an ongoing basis about how well the emerging product is meeting the business needs. This can be achieved by designing quality tests. This paper talks about an approach that would help testers to define a right test pyramid and to design better tests based on the code/test coverage measurements that contribute to developing and testing a better quality product for

For A Majority Of History, Societies Have Often Positioned

For a majority of history, societies have often positioned men on a higher pedestal than women. This inequitable arrangement has regrettably caused men en masse to treat women, especially their wives, as their own personal property rather than people. In one of William Shakespeare’s more well known works, Hamlet, one of the main female characters, Ophelia, has a life that is unfortunately no different; she has been objectified by not only the society she was born into, but also the men in her life. The key aspect of this essay discusses how the discriminatory and bigoted treatment by the male figures in Ophelia’s life inevitably leads to her subsequent insanity and death as a way for her to finally become a sovereign woman in a repressive†¦show more content†¦To make a good match, Elizabethan women were expected to hold values such as â€Å"...patience, chastity, reticence, humbleness, modesty, faithfulness, self-control, goodness, sympathy, and compassion.â⠂¬  (Ahsan 12); Men, however, could themselves be â€Å"...drunkards, womanizers, gamblers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ahsan 12) and still be able to find dutiful wives. Another subject in which men and women of this era had different experiences with is premarital sex. There would be no consequences for a man if he chose to have sex before marriage because it was seen as â€Å"...a mild offense and pardonable for men.† (Smith 99). And yet, if a woman chose to have premarital sex, her life would practically be ruined because â€Å"...their value as commodities decreases enormously if they are thought to be unchaste†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Smith 100). This double standard between the genders in the Elizabethan era shows that women led a much more confined life than men. In William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, the character of Ophelia is objectified and subjected to the inhibitory rules that the Elizabethan era placed on women, especially those of the noble classes. Since her birth, Ophelia was t aught to be completely obedient to any male figure in her life because â€Å"men related to women in any sense, i.e. fathers, brothers, or husbands were allowed to decide all matters related to their lives†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ahsan 12). Ophelia knows that devoted daughters â€Å"...obeyed and surrendered toShow MoreRelatedA Work Of Art And Its Impact On Society1503 Words   |  7 Pagesthat touches the emotions of people. Without saying a word, art often speaks volumes to its viewers by challenging the current ideological orders, which are better known as the ways in which society thinks, acts, and functions on a daily basis. One of the most powerful art forms in terms of influencing society is a monument, which can be defined as a large manmade structure built to commemorate a significant person or event in history. Like all forms of art, monuments tell a story. AdditionallyRead MoreMy Life Chances within Canadian Society Essay1451 Words   |  6 Pagesthey will affect my life c hances in the post-industrial societies such as Canada. First of all, let me briefly describe my family background. I was born in the communist country of China. My family immigrated to Canada in the year of 1992. We were an average income family in China. However, after moving into Canada, we became a family that lies below poverty line. Since my parents both do not have the chance of receiving a high education, they have difficulty of understanding and speaking decent EnglishRead MoreMichelle Julia Anderson- 250848884. 2230E- Erin Orr. Tuesday,1329 Words   |  6 Pagessince its establishment 40 years ago. Much of Canadian society is reflective of different cultures from around the world making multiculturalism a very relevant topic to Canadians. While it can be argued that the majority of Canadians are in favor of multiculturalism, there are some who hold a different opinion. Though some critics claim that multiculturalism promotes a form of ‘hyphenated Canadianism’ that exacerbates divisions in Canadian society based on such characteristics like ethnic, minorityRead MoreAnalysis Of Rosemary Traore s The Phycology Of Prejudice 1085 Words   |  5 Pagesstereotypes, and discrimination. In order to combat these conflicts, a diverse group of people should be formed with a diverse set of leaders, the group members should be given positive labeling to help encourage positive behavior, and members should have reinforced self-esteem. Programs that will help with conflict are diversity classes, conflict resolution classes, self-esteem counseling, and team building exercises. These programs will reduce conflict and create a more positive and trusting environmentRead MoreEquiano And The Slave Trade853 Words   |  4 Pagesfreely the pieces of the African cultures they derived from. When they arrive to their new, broken lives their gender were specified in roles people could not even envision occurring on a daily basis. Olaudah Equiano was one those p ersons. He lived majority of his life a slave but lived to see the beautiful pieces of world despite the world he was succumbed to. Mary Prince, living a tragic life story of being a slave deriving from her homeland to land she forced to call home. Equiano and Prince sharedRead MoreWhat Does Black Males Use The Strength Based Perspective?1744 Words   |  7 Pagespopulation in society. Since the first slave ship set sail from Africa with hundreds of Blacks in tow headed to America, black have endured the worst treatment of any one individual race in America. Slavery lasted over three hundred years and has been illegal since 1865. However the underlying effects of slavery continue to plague Black males in society. In our modern day society there are still underlying racial injustices. Black males are racially oppressed in educational setting as they have the lowestRead MoreEssay on American Political Parties1300 Words   |  6 PagesPolitical parties are critical structures in the modern society and universal phenomena in most democracies. In fact, they form major objects of intensive study as they are usually the centre of political and social power. They engage in most activities that are of significant consequence in the lives of citizens and link the common populace to the government. Therefore, it is important to understand political parties fully from every perspective of political systems so obtain their real importanceRead MoreZimbabwe Is A Nation Country Rich Essay967 Words   |  4 Pagesname Zimbabwe is derived from the Shona phrase dzimba dzemabe meaning the stone house (Zimbabwe, n.d.). The former name of Zimbabwe was Southern Rhodesia. The country is the home to approximately 15 million people (population total, n.d.). Positioned in Southern Africa, Zimbabwe is a region in Sub-Saharan Africa. Zimbabwe recognized for all of the gorgeous scenery such as Victoria Falls, the Zambezi River, Hwange National Park, Safari areas, and Matusadona. Vi ctoria Falls is the world s largestRead MoreThe Media s Perception Of Nurses1490 Words   |  6 PagesWhat do you think of when you picture a nurse? If you add in the word ‘naughty’ does that image change? Throughout the history of the nursing profession, the media have created many images of the nurse including, the handmaiden, the angel, the battle-axe, and the naughty nurse. This paper focuses on the media’s perception of nurses, using a sexual reference, more commonly know as the ‘naughty or sexy nurse.’ The aspects focused on in relation to the naughty or sexy nurse image are: the ideas of uniformRead MoreAnalysis Of The Real Voyage Of Discovery By Jane Harrison And Beneath Clouds1263 Words   |  6 Pageswrote that the â€Å"real voyage of discovery consists not in seeking new landscapes but in having new eyes.† Proust emphasises the point that to experience a greater understanding of the world one must experience it through the eye s of others. Authors often use this notion to challenge an audience’s beliefs system, making their texts tools for acquiring new knowledge. This concept is explored and portrayed as a common theme throughout the Indigenous Australian texts, Rainbow’s End, by Jane Harrison and

Kennedy’s new frontier Free Essays

The New Frontier was an idea of John F. Kennedy to deal with the problems of housing, migration, territory, education and employment. Acquisition of territory was one of the post-war problems America did face. We will write a custom essay sample on Kennedy’s new frontier or any similar topic only for you Order Now He thought of the new frontier as a remedy to compensate the losses of war and other conflicts. The new frontier also focused on the problems of education wherein America back then was full of prejudice with black people. It was also intended to bridge the differences and discrimination between the black and white people. Also in this New Frontier, late president Kennedy increased the minimum wage for it to act as incentives so that the people would entail to work more. At this point, the rate of employment increased. It seems that the puzzle pieces towards forging a great society is coming into its places. The project had rough times in its advancement since much of the funds where spent on foreign affairs like in the crisis in Berlin and Cuba, wherein nuclear warfare is in play. The New Frontier in a way also stopped the launching of a nuclear war. This approach was liberal in a sense that it entails change and assumes that all of the citizen will adhere to the idea. The New Frontier spent most of the funding in education and the protection of the elderly. This was greatly opposed by the Republican and also the Democrats. The opposition thought of the New Frontier as a way of Communism, a concept that emphasizes on equality and non-privatization of property hence there will be strong coherence of the citizens of America. This was not foreseen by the opposition and made actions to refute the New Frontier. The project was cut short because the John F. Kennedy was assassinated for doubtable reasons. Though there were no leads on who killed the late president, one thing is for sure that, the New Frontier did change the history of America for the betterment of the citizens and also the other countries who were involved in the crisis of post-war. The New Frontier was the vision of the John F. Kennedy to the American people, it comprises of the education and employment’s progression and world peace. References: U.S. Department of State. Kennedy and the New Frontier. Retrieved October 12, 2007, from   http://countrystudies.us/united-states/history-120.htm How to cite Kennedy’s new frontier, Essay examples

Filming Techniques in the Movie Cool Runnings Essay Example For Students

Filming Techniques in the Movie Cool Runnings Essay In the film Cool Runnings directed by Jon Turteltaub, in the second to last scene Turteltaub uses four key techniques to show how the Jamaican bobsled team have learnt to be proud of themselves and their country. In this scene we see the teammates arguing about how they are changing into something they’re not, and are copying other peoples styles. We see them overcome this and start remembering who they are and why they have come to the Olympics. The next day they are seen coming into the race track singing their Jamaican song and we notice that they have all changed their mood and are now very positive about who they are. Their race goes extremely well and are very quickly moved up the leaderboard. The scene ends with a voice over of the commentator saying, â€Å"Watch out world, the Jamaicans is coming! †. This scene reinforces how the team is proud of who they are and their country (which they battled with throughout the film) by using the following four techniques, music, symbols, cross cutting and motif. The director, Jon Turteltaub, uses the technique of music. Numerous songs are played throughout the film, but in this scene there is only one that is obvious to us. Countryly by Hans Zimmer, is played after the team resolves their problem of changing and then again after they finish the race. The music comes in very soft and all you can hear is the slow piano in the background, this sets a mood of happiness and hope, it gives us the feeling that something good is about to happen. While the team is arguing the mood is tense and uncomfortable, but when the music is played it all changes the g entle tempo of the music coming in reflects the lifting of the mood in the scene and leaves the audience feeling relieved. The music is later played after they finish their race in record time, Turteltaub uses the music to emphasize the heroic moment and how the boys have become champions for their country. When the music is played after they finish the race it makes the team look more heroic and more champion like. Seeing themselves as champions make them realise they work better as a team when they keep in mind who they are and where they’re from. This brings in the theme of being proud of yourself and your country. Turteltaub was deliberately trying to show us that in our lives, copying other peoples style is not the way to go, if we are proud of ourselves and our country then we can too become champions like the Jamaican team. Jon Turteltaub uses various symbols in this scene. The one that stood out was the team’s clothing choice. The symbol of the teams clothing has been used to symbolize how the team is now proud of themselves and their country. When Blitzer, their coach, gets the team their uniforms it makes them realise how important this opportunity of competing in the Olympics is to them and how badly they want to win. The uniforms are the colours of the Jamaican flag, and the material fits close to the body. The style of the uniforms are just like the rest of the contestants. It makes the team members feel like they’re finally apart of something, with the colours supporting their country, the uniform not only unites the team as one, but the team with the supporters in Jamaica. Before they had these uniforms their clothing consisted of mostly bright colours, this made them stick out like a sore thumb. .u49515af0e6349a95682f3bedd7d57d40 , .u49515af0e6349a95682f3bedd7d57d40 .postImageUrl , .u49515af0e6349a95682f3bedd7d57d40 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u49515af0e6349a95682f3bedd7d57d40 , .u49515af0e6349a95682f3bedd7d57d40:hover , .u49515af0e6349a95682f3bedd7d57d40:visited , .u49515af0e6349a95682f3bedd7d57d40:active { border:0!important; } .u49515af0e6349a95682f3bedd7d57d40 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u49515af0e6349a95682f3bedd7d57d40 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u49515af0e6349a95682f3bedd7d57d40:active , .u49515af0e6349a95682f3bedd7d57d40:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u49515af0e6349a95682f3bedd7d57d40 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u49515af0e6349a95682f3bedd7d57d40 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u49515af0e6349a95682f3bedd7d57d40 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u49515af0e6349a95682f3bedd7d57d40 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u49515af0e6349a95682f3bedd7d57d40:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u49515af0e6349a95682f3bedd7d57d40 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u49515af0e6349a95682f3bedd7d57d40 .u49515af0e6349a95682f3bedd7d57d40-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u49515af0e6349a95682f3bedd7d57d40:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Movie Response - A River Runs Through It EssayWhen they arrive in Canada they are quite embarrassed by their bright, colourful assortment of clothes, but now, when they walk in to the track grounds you can tell how proud they are of themselves and how far they have come as the first Jamaican bobsled team. Having the uniforms not only shows everyone who they are but also helps them feel comfortable. The director is trying to show us that the team are no longer outcasts, they are there for the same reason as the other countries, to represent their countries and being a team. Another technique, Jon Turteltaub, used was cross cutting. This was used when you saw the teams friends and family cheering and supporting them in Jamaica. The way that the director used this was through a television, he did this to show that all the teams family have been supporting them all the way throughout the film to the end. In the beginning of the film you see them supporting Derice in his running trial and again cheering for Sanka at his push cart darbie. It shows how proud their friends are of the team. When the friends and family watch the Jamaican team humiliate themselves in the first race, the supporters can tell that the team is trying to be something they’re not. Even so, they still cheer for them but are a little embarrassed themselves. As soon as the team changes their attitude and go back to their Jamaican style, their friends and family go wild with encouragement. The effect of this cross cutting is used to make the viewers involved, when we see that the team’s supporters are so happy and proud of them, it makes us feel the same way, it also relates to us as they are also watching the team race on television. This gives us a stronger emotional attraction to the film. I think the director was deliberately trying to make us feel this way, he wants his viewers to start believing in themselves and to know that we, ourselves also have supporters back home. If we stand proud and show confidence those people will always be there for us, but only if we stay true to them as well, just like the team was true to their Jamaican country. It seems as if Turteltaub was trying to leave the audience feeling proud and positive about the film and ourselves. Jon Turteltaub also uses the technique of motif, an example of this is the mantra feel the rhythm, feel the ride, get on up, it’s bobsled time; cool runnings! . In the beginning of the film, Sanka says that same chant, only a little different when he is about to start his push cart darbie. He then repeats this mantra in the scene when the team pushes off at the start of their bobsled race. By Sanka saying this, he psyches up the team and gives them that extra boost of confidence in themselves. I think this motif was effective because it has it’s own Jamaican twist on it, to show that the team is proud to be Jamaican. I think Turteltaub deliberately uses Sanka to say the mantra because it helps the audience understand that he is reminding himself who he is by using the same line from the beginning of the film. This also shows us that the team is not afraid to be different, as they are shouting this chant for the world to hear. Using a motif like this is very effective as the director has really made the audience think about themselves. It makes me think about who I used to be and what I have grown into. This is a very powerful message that Jon Turteltaub has left us with, ‘that anyone and everyone should be proud of themselves and their country’. .u2580162a1c82089b37f2d05741f0d585 , .u2580162a1c82089b37f2d05741f0d585 .postImageUrl , .u2580162a1c82089b37f2d05741f0d585 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2580162a1c82089b37f2d05741f0d585 , .u2580162a1c82089b37f2d05741f0d585:hover , .u2580162a1c82089b37f2d05741f0d585:visited , .u2580162a1c82089b37f2d05741f0d585:active { border:0!important; } .u2580162a1c82089b37f2d05741f0d585 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2580162a1c82089b37f2d05741f0d585 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2580162a1c82089b37f2d05741f0d585:active , .u2580162a1c82089b37f2d05741f0d585:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2580162a1c82089b37f2d05741f0d585 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2580162a1c82089b37f2d05741f0d585 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2580162a1c82089b37f2d05741f0d585 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2580162a1c82089b37f2d05741f0d585 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2580162a1c82089b37f2d05741f0d585:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2580162a1c82089b37f2d05741f0d585 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2580162a1c82089b37f2d05741f0d585 .u2580162a1c82089b37f2d05741f0d585-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2580162a1c82089b37f2d05741f0d585:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Fight Club - Character Sketch of Jack Durden EssayIn conclusion, Jon Turteltaub uses a combination of these techniques, music, symbols, cross cutting and motif in this scene to show how the team is proud of who they are and their country. Together, all four of these techniques demonstrate to the viewer how important it is to be yourselves and never to change into something that you’re not, a perfect quote by Sanka is, ‘we can’t be coping nobody elses style, we have our own style’. This theme relates to the modern day because all around us people are changing and some of us need a small reminder to stay true to ourselves.

Lord of the Flies Paragraphs Analysis free essay sample

Paragraphs to explain memorable literary devices/ key images/quotations. * Imagery of Wounds (Symbolism, Imagery, Allegory) From the moment the boys land on the island, we begin to see signs of destruction. Over and over we are told of the â€Å"scar† in the scenery left by the plane. The water they bathe in is â€Å"warmer than blood. † The boys leave â€Å"gashes† in the trees when they travel. The lightning is a â€Å"blue-white scar† and the thunder â€Å"the blow of a gigantic whip,† later an â€Å"explosion†. It makes me think about the big question of whether the boys are violent by nature or were made violent by their surroundings. The story turns out evil because the island is already so steeped in violence (think the thunder and lightning), the boys * Ralph’s growing Hair (Symbolism) What we meant to say was that Ralph’s hair was a  symbol  for his growing savagery. That shaggy mop eventually has a life of its own. We will write a custom essay sample on Lord of the Flies Paragraphs Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The narrative always makes a point of telling us that it’s in Ralph’s face, that he wishes he could cut it, that it makes him feel dirty and uncivilized. We  know  the hair has to be a big deal because the very first words of the novel are, â€Å"The boy with fair hair lowered himself down†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Getting your haircut is one of the perks of civilization, many of which Ralph and the others have had to give up. It also reminds us that the boys have been on the island for quite a while now; this is no mere weekend getaway. Lastly, there’s something horribly disturbing about his hair just growing, growing, with no way to stop it and the assumption that it will simply go on forever, much like the boys’ growing violence and the increasingly savage occurrences on the island. The Pig Hunts (Symbolism, Imagery, Allegory) The pig hunts are used throughout  Lord of the Flies  to symbolize not only man’s capacity for destruction and violence, but also the basic idea of bloodlust, mass hysteria, and ritual. In the most important pig hunt scene, we are given a vivid description of the slaughter of a mother pig, a nd I see that the boys have taken on a new viciousness in their desire to hunt. This is no longer about just having meat to eat – the boys are obviously enjoying the power that they feel over the helpless animals and are excited by the blood spilling over their hands. Many critics describe this as a rape scene, with the excitement coming partly from the blood and partly from their newly emerging feelings of sexuality. As the story continues, we see the boys acting out this pig hunt over and over, in a sort of ritual, using various boys to act as the pigs, and this â€Å"play-acting,† takes a horrifying turn when, in a frenzy of violence, Simon is beaten to death by the mob of excited boys. * Face paint (Metaphor) This is the excuse many of the boys use for living as hunting savages, instead of civilized English citizens. The paint symbolizes the smoke screen the beast uses to infiltrate the boys’ souls. * The Parachute Man (Metaphor) The dead body flying in the parachute symbolizes the end of adult supervision of the boys on the island. While the parachute man is flapping back and forth on the island, conjuring up a powerful image of its prolonged death, the Beast, or Lord of the Flies, is prospering under its new control over Jack and most of the other boys on the island. So while the law and order of the adult world is waning, childish chaos is growing exponentially Beast (Metaphor, symbolism) The beast, the Lord of the Flies, is seen as a real object on the island, which frightens the boys. Actually the beast is something internal; the Lord of the Flies is in soul and mind of the boys, leading them to the natural chaos of a society with no reasoning adults. Only Simon understands what the real beast is, but is killed when he tries to tell the boys about the Lord of the Flies. I think this s ymbolism perfectly reflected the evil side of humanity and I think that’s why this novel is named â€Å"Lord of the Flies†.

Why Bother With Politics

Why Bother With Politics Free Online Research Papers The world of politics is one with endless boundaries. Politics cover virtually every aspect of life and the legal infrastructure that we live today. It is a way for people to make changes, and for changes to be made for the betterment of the people. People learn of politics through many different sources, though perhaps the leading source is the media. The media publicizes important and current governmental issues by means of newspaper, internet, and magazines. Television and television news is a major contributor to the publicizing of government actions to the masses. On any given day at any given time, there are various news channels that focus specifically on the current political climate in the US and elsewhere. Political information can also be discussed in various interest groups. In these groups people can take their ideas and causes to the streets and persuade others to go along with their views on important issues. One of many reasons American politics is so special is because everyone is entitled to their own opinion on our government and can express it anyway they please. Also, being part of any politically related group gives people the opportunity to learn about issues that they may not have previously known. The opportunity to be educated on endless political topics and issues is one of the advantages of people communicating about related topics. Schooling is also a primary source of information to be distributed about politics and its impact on us today. People can only help themselves by getting informed about our government and what is going on with laws, elections, and politicians currently in office. The beauty of democracy is that we the people make the decisions and we must take full advantage of that. I believe the most influential sources of politics is the media and, specifically, the politically based television shows such as MSNBC,CNN,and Fox News. All of these channels have different opinions, such as Fox’s Republican favored views, and MSNBC’s less partisan broadcasting. I find these sources of media to be extremely influential to both myself and the people of our country, as intelligent and informed individuals are regularly interviewed about various sorts of political topics and their opinions surrounding them. They give specific answers on why they like certain issues, why they dislike certain issues, and even what politicians they feel strongly about and what politicians they disagree with. If one has no background information on any form of politics it only make sense to base their views on what these other, informed â€Å"experts† feel. I also believe our parents have a strong impact on the way youth feel towards politics. It seems as if the philosophy of the â€Å"apple doesn’t fall far from the tree† plays a role in the way we feel about government as well. For example, if at the dinner table, a parent adamantly discusses his favoritism of the Independent party there is a good chance u may agree because of the simple fact that your Father and guardian feels the same way. I, personally, believe that the Internet has had the biggest impact on my political views, because I have been fortunate enough to find non-partisan websites providing a great deal of information about various political topics. This provides me with the choice of figuring out what party and specific issues I find to my liking. These websites have persuaded me to the point where I comfortably define myself as a member of the Independent party because I feel as though the media and big-shot parties don’t have a right to define who we are in simply two different groups. We, as Americans, all have a choice and I believe there are far too many choices to be allow ourselves to be sucked into one of two dominate decision making parties, and we should instead co-exist with them and vote how we truly feel instead of what a party feels. In my opinion, the Independent voter takes the full advantage of being a free citizen and voting according to conscience, the way it should be. Overall, politics is something we should all learn more and more about because it is everything and it is everywhere and the more you know the better the decision you make. Research Papers on Why Bother With PoliticsRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andHip-Hop is ArtStandardized TestingQuebec and CanadaEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XTwilight of the UAWAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesAnalysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement

Discuss the connection between religion and culture. How closely are Essay

Discuss the connection between religion and culture. How closely are they tied together in the West as compared to other parts of the world, particularly the Mi - Essay Example In addition, religion has always been an important constituent of culture. Society has always affected how groups of people interrelate with each other and is always evident in daily relations. It is more evident when different cultures based on different religions intermingle. Different cultures mix differently – they may easily mix or they may be highly contrasting. Man’s faith is as old as humankind itself and because of this; religion has a large probably of being able to influence people into its sets of beliefs and principles and thus, a change in its culture. By definition, a religion is composed of a series of beliefs and practices that is essentially residing in a community that involves people adhering to a set of beliefs and rituals of study of ancestral facts and coincidentally cultural traditions. In this kind of situation, religion by far mainly affects how people interact with each other. Over a long period of time, the people’s writings, history, and mythology, as well as mystic experience are moulded or affected by religion. In addition, religion also refers to both an individual’s practice as it is related to his/her communal faith and to group rituals and communication stemming from a common belief. Religion is often described as a communal system wherein people focus their beliefs and adhere on a single system of thought, unseen entity, a person, or an object. These elements in turn are considered to be supernatural or either extraordinary, sacred or divine to the group, and can be consider as the ultimate truth (Fletcher, 1994). This will be in turn, moral codes, practices, values, institutions, tradition, rituals, and scriptures are then converted into cultures as these practices or rituals are practiced in a daily core belief. It has also even been considered that religion is considered as a way of life for people. Already there are hints that religion plays a strong role in

Analytical report of GUCCI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Analytical report of GUCCI - Essay Example Analytical report of GUCCI The company also offers products such as sportswear and purses. This company has distribution points and retail stores in all parts of the globe. It also has wholesale points where it sells its products. These include the departmental stores, duty-free boutiques, directly owned stores and franchise stores. Since its establishment, the company has continuously expanded to other markets in the world. It started with its first store in Florence and later to New York, and at present, the company has over 250 directly owned stores and 40 franchised stores. Notably, during its Gucci progress, the company acquired numerous companies. The acquired companies include Bottega Veneta, Sergio Rossi, and Yves Saint Laurent Gauche. Gucci is typified as of traditional craftsmanship; high fashion and Italian style and offers beautifully crafted voluptuous items with an intensive modern sensibility. Since the establishment of the company in 1921 by Guccio Gucci, the brand name has been the preferred c hoice of brand among astute men and women. Gucci typifies the outstanding goods made in Italy with their matchless and unique amalgamation of high craftsmanship, modern glamour and luxury. This company is committed to superiority and distinction and has dedicated employees who have enhanced the company’s legacy with a rigorous offering of analytically celebrated fashion collections and other lifestyle goods. Each of Gucci’s items is accompanied by a century’s worth of craftsmanship quality and exceptional design. Gucci has been in operation for 90 years now and prepares itself for 90 more years ahead. The company is dedicated to its function in the society, from philanthropy to sustainability. The company has progressively been involved in activities that seek to reduce its environmental effects and has been engaged in activities that promote women’s rights (Gucci, 2013). Gucci has encountered myriad transitions since its establishment as a luggage compan y. It primarily sold voluptuous leather items, and within a few years the company had become renowned among the international astute clientele. Gucci’s primary goal since this period has been to become the group leader in the opulence products market at a world-wide level and maintain the position. The company’s global presence was developed when the company first established a store in New York, United states in 1950’s. This made the company’s items attract the attention of many celebrities in the nation such as Grace Kelly, Jackie Kennedy and Audrey Hepburn. Notably, the company even went to the extent of naming one of its products, a bag, as â€Å"Jackie O† (Zargani & Luisa, 2006). Gucci’s goals also include coordinating a standard and global planning process, diminish global complexity from the diverse regions, and enhance system accuracy and lessen business risks. Gucci also aims to double its customer base from 500 million to almost on e billion by 2020. The organization has been targeting emergent markets and is on the pathway. It has done exceptionally well in India and China, where it has intensified its penetration through premium and mass brands. Additionally, Gucci upholds a sustainable development program that engrosses numerous environmentally accountable approaches and the

Magnesium alloys - AK80 and ZK60 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Magnesium alloys - AK80 and ZK60 - Essay Example Magnesium alloys like Mg ZK60 and Mg AK80 have occupied the essential demands for automotive Mg parts. Car structural parts are essentially produced from energy absorption materials with reasonable elongation, high yield strength and most importantly high impact energy. A type of alloys called Wrought Mg alloys have the potential to serve these needs better then the die cast Mg alloys. 1 more benefit of using alloys is â€Å"The use of Wrought Mg parts in vehicles will cause weight saving up to an average of 30% compared to Aluminum and 70% compared to steel. Magnesium alloys are in demand now days for the properties like low density, high melting and boiling point, high specific strength, good electromagnetic shielding characteristics, excellent castability and machinability. Magnesium AZ80 Structure Magnesium ZK60 Structure Types of Alloys Magnesium alloys are divided mainly in 2 types. First type is Cast Alloys. Magnesium casting  proof stress  is mainly 75-200  MPa,  ten sile strength is between  135-285  MPa and elongation 2-10%. Common  density  is 1800  kg/m3  and  Young's modulus  is 42 GPa. Some of the most popular and common alloys are AZ63, AZ81, AZ91, ZK51, ZK61, Elektron 21. Second is Wrought Alloys. Magnesium wrought alloy proof stress mainly coincides between 160 and 240  MPa, tensile strength is 180-440  MPa and elongation remains 7-40%. ... Like (A= aluminum, Z= Zinc, M= Manganese, S= Silicon) and remaining the two digits after the letters indicates towards the percent composition respectively. For an example – If the given alloy is AZ63, we can predict that the two elements, Aluminum and Zink are present in the alloy and the percent composition of both the metals is 6% and 3% respectively. Specification Physical properties of Alloys Magnesium and its alloys mainly have silvery and white shades. As discussed above, Magnesium is the lightest structural metal present. So the alloys of magnesium are used to build structures like automobiles and massive buildings. As magnesium being reactive in nature, the alloy of magnesium is used for the building purposes. Magnesium and its alloys can be fabricated very easily. Pieces of Magnesium’s alloys can be welded, molded, cut and shaped according to requirement. Magnesium is the 6th most found element in nature, consisting of 2.1% of the earth’s crust. Common density of Magnesium alloys is 1800 Kg/m3. Relative Intensity of Magnesium Chemical properties of Alloys: - Magnesium is present in 2nd group and 3rd period of the periodic table, having atomic no as 12. Its average atomic mass is 24.035 gm. The boiling point of magnesium in standard conditions is 1090 degree Celsius or 1994 degree Fahrenheit. Magnesium is one of the most reactive metals present in the periodic table that is why; generally magnesium is not present in Free State on the earth. This is 1 of the need to form the alloys. The alloys of Magnesium like AZ80 and ZK60 have high melting and boiling points as compared to Magnesium. Alloys have higher stable condition and can be kept freely in the atmosphere. Uses of the given alloys Variety of the stock for subsequent working

Difference Between Bully and Ring Algorithm

Difference Between Bully and Ring Algorithm Compare bully and ring election algorithm Choose or design an algorithms in distributed system is a big challenging issue since past until now. The big challenge is calls for a suitable, efficient and no error election algorithm. Nodes communicate with each other using shared memory and through or via message passing. Coordinator will be the key requirement for nodes to execute or run any distributed task effectively and smoothly. There will be no central controlling node exists in a pure distributed system, every node has to communicate other nodes in the network to make an important decision. During the decision process all nodes will not often make the same decision. All involve the decision-making process and communication between nodes time-consuming. When consistency is needed, among all the nodes Coordination among nodes becomes harder. The main purpose of the leader election is to choose a node as a coordinator. It will act as a leader and coordinate activities of the whole system. A leader in any leader election algorithm is usually chosen based on the node which has the largest identifier. The nodes will reach a state called as terminated state once the leader is selected. There are 2 states which are elected states and non-elected states in the leader election algorithms. When a node enters either state, it always remains in that state. The leader election algorithm has to satisfy liveness condition and safety for an execution. The safety condition requires that only one single node can enter the elected state and it will become the leader of the distributed system. The liveness condition states that every node will eventually enter an elected state or a non-elected state. There are many election algorithms been proposed over the years such as Bully algorithm, Ring algorithm, Chang and Roberts algorithm, Le Lanns algorithm, and Franklins algorithm. All these algorithms require nodes to be directly involved in leader election. Nodes will transmit the messages to one another for exchange information until an agreement is reached. Once a node is been selected as leader, all the nodes will acknowledge the role as that node as leader. Bully algorithm The algorithm was devised by Garcia-Molina in 1982. While one of the process notices that the coordinator is not active, crashed, or responding to requests, it will start an election. Process Q, holds an election as follows: -Q sends a message to all the processes with higher numbers to start the election. -Q wins the election and becomes coordinator if and only if no higher numbers responds. -If there is one of the higher-ups number answers, it takes over. Qs job is finish or done. A process can receive an Election message from any one of its lower-numbered nodes at any moment. The receiver sends a confirmation message back to tell the sender that it is active and will take over when an Election message received. If other processes do not respond, and there is only one then it will become the new coordinator. After that, it will send all processes a message to announce its victory and starting immediately it will be the new coordinator. If a process that was down before but come back up, it will hold an election. If it happens to be the highest-numbered process among other currently running processes, it will win the election then will become leader and take over the coordinators job. Process 4 holds an election Process 5 and 6 respond, telling 4 to stop Now 5 and 6 each hold an election Process 6 tells 5 to stop Process 6 wins and tells everyone Modified Bully Algorithm In Bully algorithm, the number of message be exchanged between processes is very high. Thus, this Modified Bully Algorithm been devised to reduce the heavy traffic in network. Besides to reduce the heavy traffic flow in network, the number of stages is decreased from at most five stages to at most four stages. The algorithm has following steps: 1st step When process Q notices coordinator had crashed, it will start an election. 2nd step Q will send Election message to all other processes with higher priority numbers when Q find out that the coordinator was crashed. 3rd step All the processes that receives message which with higher priority process than Q will send OK message back to process Q with its unique priority number. 4th step If no processes responses to process Q, Q will broadcast one Coordinator message to all processes to declare itself as a coordinator. In vice versa, process Q will select the process Q with the highest priority number as coordinator and then send to it the GRANT message. 5th step Coordinator process will broadcast message to all the processes and informs them that itself as a coordinator at this stage. 6th step After the process with higher number compare to coordinator is up, modified Bully algorithm is run immediately. It does not have the drawback of Bully algorithm which has high number of message passing. If a higher priority number process crashes after sending it priority number to Q, Process Q will send GRANT message to it meaning that itself is the highest process and Q waits for broadcasting coordinator message else it will continue run the modified Bully algorithm. After a certain time or period, process Q does not receives any Coordinator message, it will repeat the algorithm again. Thus, this algorithm is efficient and safe to use for select the coordinator. Figure 2 The modified Bully election algorithm Process 2 holds an election. Processes 3, 4, 5 and 6 respond, telling its unique priority number. Now 3 comparing the priority number and select the highest process (process 6) and send a message to its (GRANT). Process 6 tell to everyone that it is coordinator. Token Ring algorithm Token ring algorithm is totally different with Bully algorithm. It achieves mutual exclusion by creating a bus network of processes in distributed system. It does not have a real ring in the network but a logical ring is constructed with all processes and all processes are assigned a position in the ring. All the processes know who is before them and next after them in the line. Token Ring algorithm works: 1st step: Process 6 is down. 2nd step: Process 3 notices that Process 6 does not respond. So it starts an election, sending a message containing its id to the next node in the ring. 3rdstep: Process 5 passes the message on, adding its own id to the message. 4th step: Process 0 passes the message on, adding its own id to the message. 5th step: Process 1 passes the message on, adding its own id to the message. 6th step: Process 4 passes the message on, adding its own id to the message. 7th step: When Process 3 receives the message back, it knows the message has gone around the ring, as its own id is in the list. Picking the highest id in the list, it starts the coordinator message 5 is the leader around the ring. 8th step: Process 5 passes on the coordinator message. 9th step: Process 0 passes on the coordinator message. 10th step: Process 1 passes on the coordinator message. 11th step: Process 4 passes on the coordinator message. Process 3 receives the coordinator message, and stops it. Modified Token Ring algorithm This algorithm is modified from Token Ring algorithm. It is modified to reduce the number of message passing and additional message being sent to the elected leader. When the leader has crashed and been noticed by a node, it will send its ID number to the node next to it in the ring. It is not necessary for all nodes to send their IDs into the ring. The receiving node compares the received ID with its own, and forwards whichever is the greatest at this moment. But this comparison is done by all the nodes such that only the greatest ID remains in the ring. After that, the greatest ID will return to the initial node. It declares itself as the leader by sending a coordinate message into the ring if the received ID equals that of the initial sender. This method will dramatically reduce the overhead involved in message passing. Besides that, if there is many nodes notice the leader crashed or absence at the same time, only the message of greatest ID node circulates in the ring and it will prevent the smaller IDs from being sent message in the ring. Modified Token Ring algorithm works: Nodes 2 and 4 notice that the coordinator has crashed simultaneously They send their IDs into the ring The greatest ID always remain in the ring The greatest ID keep passing in the ring 5 is declared as the leader Advantages and limitation algorithms Bully algorithm and Modified Bully algorithm Both of these algorithms have almost the same advantages. They can always check the liveness of the leader by the assumption of message delivery. The process is chosen as the non-crashed process at the end of the run with the largest process number if no process is replaced. It is impossible for two processes to decide which coordinator among them is, since the process with the lower number will discover that the other exits and defer to it. However, Modified Bully algorithm has another advantage that Bully algorithm does not have. That is the lower traffic passing. It reduce the traffic in the message communicate passing compare to Bully algorithm. It does not let the lower numbered process involve in the election but just higher numbered process. It also will send a GRANT message to the process which wins in the election. Then the process which wins will announce the message that declares itself as leader to all the nodes. It is more less traffic flow in the process and it is much better than Bully algorithm. The Bully algorithm also suffers from many shortcomings. This algorithm is not guaranteed to meet the safety condition if processes that had crashed and replaced by processes with the same number. A process that replaces the crashed process Q may decide which has the highest number just as another process has decided that it has the highest number. Both of them will announce themselves as the coordinator in a same time. But unfortunately, there are no guarantees on message passing order, and the recipients of these messages may give out different conclusion on which is the coordinator process. The condition may be broken if the assumed timeout values turn out to be accurate. That means if the processes failure detector is unreliable. Token Ring algorithm and Modified Token Ring algorithm Token Ring and Modified Token Ring algorithm are having very special routing. It is totally different with the Bully algorithm. They know the process next to them and just passing the message to the process which next to them. It is much more simple compare to other algorithm. They just need to take the information from beside, add the value and pass to another side. The message passing traffic is very much lower than other algorithms. This is because they just pass the information to the next process after that no more communicate with other processes. This reason make the algorithm become much easier to carry out. Compare with the bully algorithm which need keep communicate with all the process, Token Ring just need the message passing around the ring and know all the information about which one process having the higher numbered process. After that, the process can decide after compare and get the highest numbered process. Then, it just needs passing a decision message around the ring to announce or declare the leader in the ring. Meanwhile, the token ring and modified token ring also have their different. Token ring needs add up the information when the leader is crashed or down. Then the message or information will keep pass and to next process and the process will add its own ID into the message and passed to the process next to it. It will keep on going until the message reaches the process which starts the election process. Hence, the process will compare the information then announce the new leader by passing the coordinator message to the next process and keep on passing it in the ring. But the modified token ring will have slightly different. When the process notice the leader is crashed and start the election, the information message passing will start. When the message passing in the ring, it will compare the results collect from the processes. In the comparison, the highest numbered processs ID only will remain stay in the information message. Those smaller numbered processes ID will be deleted or will not be put inside the information message. When the information message finish a round, it will straight away start announce or pass the coordinator message to all the process for the new leader been selected. It is much easier and simple for the information message. All the comparison will be done when the new ID want to add into the information message. It not just save the time and no need wait until the end just compares the information that get from all processes. It also make the information message smaller and the message passing consumed less time to pass to the next process. The limitations for Token Ring and Modified Token Ring algorithm are they both also consumed a lot of time in message passing. It needs to pass and get the information message. It will take a round to get all the information. For those smaller processes, they also need to involve in the passing message process even they also would not been selected as a leader. It will take much more time compare with other algorithms. After the leader had been selected, the coordinator message also needs to pass around all the processes in the ring. The coordinator message will not pass to all the processes at once but it will pass from one to another one. All these processes really consumed and waste a lot of time compare with other algorithms. Besides above limitation, the message passing around the ring sometimes also will miss. When the information or coordinator message passing around the ring, it will possible loss or miss out. After that, it need take time to been noticed and regenerate the information message passing. Hence, the message needs to restart pass among the processes. This make the process for the election for leader consumed longer than other algorithms. Algorithms analysis In modified Bully Algorithm, if a single node detects the coordinator is crashed, N (i) with an order of O (n) is obtained as follows: The order of message passing increase to O(n2) with fault tolerance as follows: Where i is the selected leader ID number. The bully algorithm against the Modified Bully algorithm has been plots for the case when one node notices that the coordinator has crashed. From the graph, the traffic for the Bully algorithm from the beginning is much higher than modified Bully algorithm. Hence it keeps decrease when the process ID noticed increased. Meanwhile, the modified Bully algorithm is having a nearly constant for number of message passing. This shows that the traffic in the modified Bully algorithm is much less than Bully algorithm. That means modified Bully algorithm is better than Bully algorithm and has lower traffic flow when election happens. In Token Ring algorithm, the number of message passed with an order of O (n2) is: For the modified Token Ring algorithm is: The number of messages passed reduced and the complexity is much lower. From the graph above, the number of message passing in the ring for the Token Ring algorithm keep increase when the number of processes notices that the coordinator has crashed. But for the modified Token Ring algorithm, the number of message passing in the ring has not much different compare to non-modified. This shows that the traffic flow in the ring for modified ring is much lower than non modified. Conclusion Leader election algorithms play an important role in distributed system. The modified Bully algorithm and Modified Token Ring algorithm are efficient and easier to implement in all cases if compare to the existing one. But, still need a lot of improvement have to be done so that the algorithms can be more safety and efficient in the electing the coordinator in distributed system.

A Constitutional Framework: The Relationship of Supreme Power and Indiv

A Constitutional Framework: The Relationship of Supreme Power and Individual Rights in the Second Treatise The supremacy of legislative power is a deceptive phrase in the Second Treatise. If one were to follow Locke’s blueprint for the original formation of the commonwealth closely, it would become apparent that supreme power in political society rests with the people, not the legislature, because ultimately, there must be a constitution that is written by the people. In order to most clearly see this, a distinction must be drawn between the basic political society and the higher level institution of government, and the events that take place in each sphere must be differentiated. In light of this distinction, the relationship between individual rights and the rights of the legislative can be seen to be much more dynamic as supreme power may shift from one to the other depending on the actions of the legislative and the reactions of the people. The retention of individual natural rights within Locke’s government becomes significantly less problematic than if the legislative were invariably supreme, although the recourse available to the individual who finds himself outside the majority is still relatively limited by the power of the majority in political society. The fundamental premise that a commonwealth is formed before its government is created implies that there exists a space of time between men’s leaving the state of nature and the establishment of a government, and it is this time that separates Locke’s initial â€Å"political society† from his later stage of political society with a government; he later calls this stage â€Å"society† itself as distinct from â€Å"government† (XIX, 211) . The events of the transition stage are cri... ...im others, like the protection of his property and the right to appeal to disinterested judges. The constitution is the means by which these rights may be preserved against the power of the legislative in government, and the standard by which the people may measure the justice of the laws promulgated by the legislative. Within the constitutional framework, Locke provides for the protection of the individual from the government through the codification of his natural rights, and the protection of the individual from the majority is at least partially secured by the protection of his property. The problem of the tyranny of the majority is not wholly solved by the introduction of a constitution into political society, but Locke seems to see his safeguards as the most expansive that can be achieved under a government to which men in nature must give something up to enter. A Constitutional Framework: The Relationship of Supreme Power and Indiv A Constitutional Framework: The Relationship of Supreme Power and Individual Rights in the Second Treatise The supremacy of legislative power is a deceptive phrase in the Second Treatise. If one were to follow Locke’s blueprint for the original formation of the commonwealth closely, it would become apparent that supreme power in political society rests with the people, not the legislature, because ultimately, there must be a constitution that is written by the people. In order to most clearly see this, a distinction must be drawn between the basic political society and the higher level institution of government, and the events that take place in each sphere must be differentiated. In light of this distinction, the relationship between individual rights and the rights of the legislative can be seen to be much more dynamic as supreme power may shift from one to the other depending on the actions of the legislative and the reactions of the people. The retention of individual natural rights within Locke’s government becomes significantly less problematic than if the legislative were invariably supreme, although the recourse available to the individual who finds himself outside the majority is still relatively limited by the power of the majority in political society. The fundamental premise that a commonwealth is formed before its government is created implies that there exists a space of time between men’s leaving the state of nature and the establishment of a government, and it is this time that separates Locke’s initial â€Å"political society† from his later stage of political society with a government; he later calls this stage â€Å"society† itself as distinct from â€Å"government† (XIX, 211) . The events of the transition stage are cri... ...im others, like the protection of his property and the right to appeal to disinterested judges. The constitution is the means by which these rights may be preserved against the power of the legislative in government, and the standard by which the people may measure the justice of the laws promulgated by the legislative. Within the constitutional framework, Locke provides for the protection of the individual from the government through the codification of his natural rights, and the protection of the individual from the majority is at least partially secured by the protection of his property. The problem of the tyranny of the majority is not wholly solved by the introduction of a constitution into political society, but Locke seems to see his safeguards as the most expansive that can be achieved under a government to which men in nature must give something up to enter.

Compare and Contrast the Ways in Which Two Poets Create Sympathy for Their Characters †‘on a Portrait of a Deaf Man’ and ‘the River God’. Essay

The poems ‘On a Portrait of a Deaf Man’, written by John Betjeman and ‘The River God’, written by Stevie Smith appear as two very different poems; one in monologue form and the other in a regular form; but they are in fact two very similar poems. ‘On a Portrait of a Deaf Man’ presents a character mourning the death of a deaf man who was very close to him/her, and ‘The River God’ presents a lonely God who is abused by people and resorts to murdering women to keep himself company. Both characters are lonely and the portrayal of this loneliness causes you – the reader – to feel sympathetic towards them. The ‘River God’ is lonely because he is only used by others, no one stays to be with him, they leave – ‘and I like the people who bathe in me . . . or will she go away?’ suggesting that he enjoys their company but doesn’t want them to go as he get’s lonely. In ‘On a Portrait of a Deaf Man’ the mourner feels lonely because he/she has lost someone very close to them – ‘the kind old face . . . he took me on long silent walks . . . when young’ implying they were close as they have known each other since a young age. Both blame others for the situations that they have found themselves in. The ‘River God’ blames the women who ‘bathe in [him]’ for his loneliness, meaning that out of desperation he tries to keep the women with him but by doing so ends up killing them ‘she lies in my beautiful deep river bed with many a weed’. I believe he understands though that he has killed them and that is why he keeps them in the ‘beautiful deep river bed’; this causes you to feel some sympathy for him as he accidentally kills them but then out of love keeps them in his ‘beautiful deep river bed’. The mourner blames God for the death of the ‘deaf man’: ‘You, God, who treat him thus and thus, /Say ‘Save his soul and pray.’/You ask me to believe You and / I only see decay’ describing how God should be, but then the reality of asking God for things which aren’t achieved. This causes you to feel sympathetic because you see someone who asked God to save him yet he still died – ‘see decay’. The poems both begin with descriptions of characters. ‘The River God’ begins ‘the kind old face, the egg-shaped head’ and ‘On a Portrait of a Deaf Man’ begins ‘I may be smelly and I may be old’; the first description makes you feel sad that someone kind and good has died and the second makes you feel pitiful for the river, it’s not the river’s fault that it’s that way as it’s reflective of old age and the abuse it has had by mankind, all of which you would be distraught if you found yourself in so you can feel sympathetic towards them. The poets use the death of a person to draw sympathy from you. In ‘The River God’ a woman dies, one that he was fond of and he was against her dying; in ‘On a Portrait of a Deaf Man’ a friendly deaf man dies, presumably suddenly; these draw your sympathy because it suggests that they are lonely, in a state of mourning and vulnerable – all of which are states in which you would not want to find yourself and when you see someone else in such a state, you will feel sympathetic and be able to relate to the emotions they are feeling. The poets use the deaths of characters in their poems to create side-personas for the characters through the persona of the main-speaking character. ‘The River God’ uses the dead woman to give another perspective of what’s going on, ‘This beautiful lady, or will she go away?’ shows this perfectly. The questioning gives her perspective that she wants to leave but she is being held, leading you to feel sympathetic for her as this large ‘River’ is holding her captive and she cannot leave. However, it shows the misunderstanding of the ‘River God’ as she is drowned, ‘Oh who would guess what a beautiful white face lies there’, ‘white face’ implying she is dead, leading you to feel sympathetic again towards him as he is totally ignorant of everything going on around him. ‘On a Portrait of a Deaf Man’, the writer uses the deaf man to display what exactly he/she has lost through his death, Ã¢â‚¬Ë œHe knew the names of ev’ry bird’. This shows how caring he was and this would presumably translate to how he acts to people – kind and caring – and lead to sympathy as you would never want to lose a person so good to die. The poem also describes what further potential to do good he had if he knew what was coming, ‘He would have liked to say good-bye/Shake hands with many friends.’ This causes a sympathetic response from the reader because again even though he was dying he would have wanted to show respect to his friends rather than just leaving. It also creates sympathy because the person who has lost this ‘kind’ man would be very upset about his/her death. We see this when he/she blames God for his death as he didn’t save him/her, ‘’Save his soul and pray.’/ You ask me to believe You and/ I only see decay.’ – this shows a stage of mourning in which you blame others for the death you have experienced. In conclusion, the poets create sympathy for their characters very effectively through: descriptions, meanings and powers out of the characters control; all of which attract the reader to feel some understanding, pity or empathy towards them. The poets both use the deaths of characters to contrast the feeling of the characters and the feelings of the dead to create sympathy.

Free Essays on Mother

Write an essay on mother and son relationship A mother's love is very important. A child who feels love is most likely to succeed and give it in return than a child who never received it and doesn't know what it means to be loved. In most cases, it is the mother's love, care, and understanding that enable the child to overcome many hurdles in their life. In my case, I was able to An important obstacle that I overcame because of my mother was shyness. I always kept to myself and never felt the need to go out of my way to be friendly. But my mother constantly told me and pointed out that communication is key in the real world and that I had to learn to communicate with people if I wanted to succeed. She realized that in order for me to overcome my shyness, I had to start talking to people and being sociable so she introduced me to different people and I began to open up more. Eventually I was able to start high school and make life-long friends there and I owe it all to her. Another obstacle I overcame was self-doubt. Whenever I had trouble believing I could do something, my mother was always there to believe in me and constantly install me that I could do anything as long as I believed I could. Whenever I have trouble with friends or school or when I was just in one of my "moods", my mother was always there for me and willing to discuss my dilemmas. The fact that she is proud of what I accomplish is the main reason for my success so far and I am glad that with her help, I am more confident in my abilities and potential. The last obstacles that I overcame and am still overcoming are the overall difficult times. These times include problems concerning school, and even problem with my parents. Like I said before, when I do have problems with work being extremely difficult, my mother doesn't criticize me for failing, but encourages me to try harder and tells me she is still proud of my efforts. She knows that I am not perfect ... Free Essays on Mother Free Essays on Mother Write an essay on mother and son relationship A mother's love is very important. A child who feels love is most likely to succeed and give it in return than a child who never received it and doesn't know what it means to be loved. In most cases, it is the mother's love, care, and understanding that enable the child to overcome many hurdles in their life. In my case, I was able to An important obstacle that I overcame because of my mother was shyness. I always kept to myself and never felt the need to go out of my way to be friendly. But my mother constantly told me and pointed out that communication is key in the real world and that I had to learn to communicate with people if I wanted to succeed. She realized that in order for me to overcome my shyness, I had to start talking to people and being sociable so she introduced me to different people and I began to open up more. Eventually I was able to start high school and make life-long friends there and I owe it all to her. Another obstacle I overcame was self-doubt. Whenever I had trouble believing I could do something, my mother was always there to believe in me and constantly install me that I could do anything as long as I believed I could. Whenever I have trouble with friends or school or when I was just in one of my "moods", my mother was always there for me and willing to discuss my dilemmas. The fact that she is proud of what I accomplish is the main reason for my success so far and I am glad that with her help, I am more confident in my abilities and potential. The last obstacles that I overcame and am still overcoming are the overall difficult times. These times include problems concerning school, and even problem with my parents. Like I said before, when I do have problems with work being extremely difficult, my mother doesn't criticize me for failing, but encourages me to try harder and tells me she is still proud of my efforts. She knows that I am not perfect ...

Learn Basic Spanish With These 15 Free Printables

Learn Basic Spanish With These 15 Free Printables These free Spanish printables will help you learn, review, and reinforce basic Spanish words and phrases. Included are printables to help you learn numbers, colors, and the alphabet. If its not already clear, printables here just means that the material can be printed off. In fact, theyre made specifically to be printed; you can save them for free and take them anywhere with you, or use them to teach others basic Spanish. For more Spanish language learning resources, consider these free Spanish worksheets that will help you reinforce your skills. If youd like to learn another language, there are also some free French worksheets to help you with that. Learn Spanish Numbers With These Free Printables These free printables will help you learn and review numbers in Spanish from 1 to 100. There are flashcards, number of the day activities, and triangle puzzles. Printable Spanish Flashcards (Numbers 1-12): Create your own flashcards to learn Spanish numbers 1 through 12.Spanish Numbers 1-20 Flash Cards: Print out these free Spanish flashcards so kids can learn their Spanish numbers.Spanish Number of the Day: A printable so students can focus on one Spanish number a day.Spanish Numbers 0-15 Triangle Puzzles: Solve the triangle puzzles by matching up the English number word with the Spanish number word. Free Spanish Alphabet Printables Learn the Spanish alphabet with these free printables withich include sheets with the complete alphabet and coloring pages. The Spanish Alphabet: Print this full Spanish alphabet to learn the ABCs.Complete Spanish Alphabet: A list of all the Spanish letters with pronunciation examples, the name of the letters, and a comparison to the pronunciation of English letters.Spanish ABC Coloring Pages: These free, printable coloring pages feature each letter of the Spanish alphabet along with an item that starts with that letter as well as the name of that item. Both uppercase and lowercase coloring pages are available.Spanish Alphabet Chart: A Spanish alphabet chart whether each letter has a picture along with the word. Learn Spanish Colors With Free Printables Review all the Spanish words for colors with these identification and crossword printables. Los Colores: Learn the colors in Spanish by playing a crossword that helps form the association between the word and the color.Spanish Colors: A simple lesson that teaches you Spanish colors. Just scroll down the page to see the English and Spanish words next to each other painted in the color theyre describing.Spanish Color Clouds: This is nearly identical to the previous document except that this one has each color on a separate page and no English translation. Instead, a colored cloud is shown to explain what the Spanish word means. More Free Spanish Printables Here are some more free Spanish printables to help you learn greetings, vocabulary, animals, opposites, items around the house, feelings, and parts of the body. Label Things Around Your House: This file contains lots of ordinary household items in both Spanish and English. You can print and cut out the Spanish terms and place them around your house for easy learning.Feelings In Spanish: Use this lesson to learn emotions in Spanish, both by looking at images and reading through the text.Opposites Cards: Print off this set of opposite cards to learn Spanish words that are opposites of each other. Be sure to fold the paper down the center to separate the two sets of words.Parts of the Head: This drawing labels each part of the head and face along with both the English and Spanish word.

African History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

African History - Essay Example Two women shaped Kings early life, one was his mother and other was his maternal grandmother. Martin Luther had great belief in God, which was nurtured by his father and other close relatives. He encountered church every Sunday and there some 4,000 members of Atlanta’s Black community found refuge from the mistreatment that was their daily experience in a state where segregation laws where strictly enforced. He sooner started realizing the hard life of Black Africans who were ill treated by Whites. Later in life he became enthralled by the work of Mahatma Gandhi who fought against the British colonial rule. So he wanted to help American Blacks win their freedom, not from foreign rule but from injustice. Martin Luther chose the non – violent way of preaching which was able to captivate Black and white listeners alike. Later he became a Christian minister in church and a leading figure in the fight for Black people’s right by organizing many peaceful marches, protests and speeches. The revolution of Martin Luther king was part of the ongoing struggle of Black Americans for equality and civil rights. For a dozen years, this charismatic Baptist minister and his legion of followers had confronted the humiliating system of segregation that had kept Black Americans second- class citizens. In doing this, King and his disciples had faced a raging storm of white abuse. They had been beaten, arrested, jailed and spat upon. They had their homes and churches burned, their families threatened, their friends and allies murdered. Yet they kept on. They marched; staged boycotts and sit –ins; they broke unjust laws and, in the end, they awakened the nation and world to the shame of American racial persecution. Through it all, no matter how badly provoked, no matter how brutal their enemies, they have never turned into violence, because with every ounce of his being Martin Luther King believed in non – violence. Martin Luther King received the world’s highest

Mouth care to reduce ventilator-Associated pneumonia Essay

Mouth care to reduce ventilator-Associated pneumonia - Essay Example However, in most of the patients, the VAP is caused by a combination of organisms. The diagnosis of VAP is difficult, making it difficult to account for VAP incidences. The endotracheal tube increases the risks of VAP by prevention of cough, prevention of upper airways filtering and inhibition of epiglottis and upper ways reflex actions. The most risk patients are patients over the age of 65, with underlying chronic illness. This condition is also prevalent in patients with immunosuppressant and previous pneumonia infection. Oral hygiene The significance of a patient’s oral and nasal hygiene is overlooked in most cases, even though it is the most basic of all the nursing interventions. The use of closed suction system (CSS) contributes significantly to the reduction of these cases (Rello et al., 2010). The mouth is a host of both the normal flora and the pathogenic organisms. Most of the studies advocate the use of chlorohexidine. However, it is important to understand that ov eruse of this oral rinse could result in the reduction of the oral bacterial load. This could lead to the development of chlorohexidine resistant organisms. The common suction program can be used to reduce colonization. The installation of the endotracheal tube prevents the glottis closure. ... Oral hygiene is significant in prevention of ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) due to the oral factors, encouraging the colonization of the bacteria (Hutchins et al., 2009). For example, mechanically ventilated patients in neurological and intensive care units are at a higher risk of development of VAP due to factors such as decreased levels of consciousness, dry open mouth and the increased levels of micro aspiration of secretions. Several interventions could be adopted for the prevention of VAP. However, oral hygiene is one of the most important and significant intervention. The oral care includes timed tooth brushing, in combination with the other measures can be effective in the control of this condition. Some of the best practices include education of the staff on the effectiveness of oral hygiene in reduction of VAP incidences. The study should surround the factors surrounding the reduction of colonization and aspiration. In addition, avoidance of unnecessary antibiotics an d nasal intubation in addition to oral hygiene can contribute significantly to the reduction of colonization. Maintenance of a clean healthy mouth through the prevention of plaque buildup biofilm on the teeth helps in reducing the risks associated with the development t of VAP. Oral hygiene care involves the use of mouth rinses, gel or toothbrush in combination to the aspiration of different mouth secretions can increase reduces the risk of infection with VAP. Previous studies revealed that the use of chlorohexidine mouthwash or gelled contributes to approximately 40% reduction in the chances of development of VAP (Reagan, 2011). Some of the best practices include education of the staff on effectiveness of oral hygiene in reduction of VAP

International Business Management Master Essay

International Business Management Master - Essay Example "Passenger revenue" is initially recorded as a liability for sales in advance of carriage, with revenue from ticket sales recognised at the time that the Company provides the transportation. In respect of unused ticket revenue recognised, estimations are needed based on historical trends regarding liability for tickets sold but not yet processed, the timing and amount of tickets used for travel on other airlines and the amount of tickets sold that will not be used. These are used to determine the timing and amount of unused ticket revenue recognised. Changes to these estimation methods could have a material effect on the presentation of the financial results. Periodic evaluations are performed of the estimated liability for tickets sold but not yet processed. Any adjustments, which can be significant, are included in results of operations for the periods in which the evaluations are completed. These adjustments relate primarily to differences between the statistical estimation of cer tain revenue transactions and the related sales price as well as refunds, exchanges, interline transactions and other items for which final settlement occurs in periods subsequent to the sale of the related tickets at amounts other The Company's "cargo" business is operated as a contribution centre. ... This allows the maximisation the use of its scheduled route network to provide a worldwide cargo service. The management group utilises trucks to feed cargo to its major hubs in Europe and the United States. "Revenue" is recognised when the transportation service is provided. Passenger ticket and cargo waybill sales, net of discounts, are recorded as current liabilities in the 'sales in advance of carriage' account until recognised as revenue. Unused tickets are recognised as revenue using estimates regarding the timing of recognition based on the terms and conditions of the ticket and historical trends. Other revenue is recognised at the time the service is provided. Commission costs are recognised at the same time as the revenue to which they relate and are charged to cost of sales. "Employee benefits", including pensions and other post-retirement benefits (principally post-retirement healthcare benefits) are presented in these financial statements in accordance with IAS 19 - 'Employee Benefits'. For the Group's defined benefit plans, post-retirement obligations are measured at discounted present value whilst plan assets are measured at fair value at the balance sheet date. The cost of current service costs are recognised in the income statement so as to recognise the cost of providing the benefit on a straight line basis over the service lives of the employees using the projected unit credit method. Past service costs are recognised when the benefit has been given. The financing cost and expected return on plan assets are recognised within financing costs in the periods in which they arise. The accumulated effect of changes in estimates, changes in

Blue Nile Case Essay Example for Free

Blue Nile Case Essay Background Blue Nile has grown into one of the largest jewelry retailers in the United States with only using the Internet as its distribution channel. The success is a direct result of a well-crafted business strategy that attracts high price customers and provides them with in-depth education about diamonds and jewelry. Gamble, Peteraf, Strickland III, and Thompson (2012), indicated that the company’s strategy provides customers with high quality diamonds, exceptional customer service and low prices (p. c-128). They pride themselves on their selection and outstanding education that they provide to consumers looking for the perfect diamond. In addition they have received various awards and recognition from Forbes and Bizrate.com (Thompson, Peteraf, Gamble, Strickland, 2012, p. C-127). Blue Nile has found a niche in which to differentiate itself by creating an online marketplace for jewelry shopping and with low operating costs which makes them extremely competitive. In viewing Blue Niles website, one can see that they have a vast amount of for potential buyers, that which determine a diamond’s value- carat, clarity, color, cut, and cut grade. Strength The company has a user friendly site that present a lot of diamonds styles to choose from with the 5C’s of diamond selection which are cut shape, cut, color, clarity and carat weight. Their price is much lower than others. Blue Niles also prides themselves on their selection and outstanding education that they provide to consumers looking for the perfect diamond (Thompson, Peteraf, Gamble, Strickland, 2012, p. C-127). Weakness Blue Nile competes in a small area with a specialty offering. Brand awareness remains a constant source of weakness for the company. Blue Nile, Inc. needs to increase their advertising campaign to attract new and retain old customers. Opportunities Blue Nile needs to create a strong brand awareness that will allow can compete with Tiffany and Co. Blue Nile, Inc. recently opened warehouses in Canada and Britain, but has limited globalization to sales of 40 nations. Blue Nile will need global growth into the European market could prove to be a financial success. Threats Through the operating capital calculations it indicates that Blue Niles strategy is needs some adjustments in the current market space. From 2005 to 2009 the cash that has been available for the firm’s day-to-day operations has dropped dramatically. There was an estimated $58.8 billion in sales in the United States alone in 2009 (Thompson, 2012, p. C-127). With Blue Nile taking $302 million in sales in 2009, they had a great year but in reality only maintain a less than 1% of the market industry hold. This suggests that there is room for growth in this are. With steady profits for the past two years, 2011 has been the best year even though the 4th quarter resulted in small loss. The company profits are 2011 $348 million, 2010 $332.9 million, 2009 $302.1 million, and in 2008 $295.3 million be (Blue Nile, 2012, Investor Relations). References: Blue Nile, Inc. 2011 Annual Report (2012). Blue Nile, Inc. (online). Retrieved from http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/NILE/1855688484x0x560442/D1DAE1BA-0161-4574-8447-242F9561DF0E/2011_Annual_Report_FINAL.pdf Thompson, A. A., Peteraf, M. A., Gamble, J. E., Strickland, A. J. (2012). Crafting executing strategy: The quest for competitive advantage (18th ed.). New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Discussion 6.1 Jeffrey Clapper Jeffrey, I agree with your posting and I enjoyed reading it also. In reviewing the financials and the Internet site, it is apparent that Blue Nile spends a lot of money in the area that has no direct impact on generating profit. Blue Nile is now pursuing a new market consisting of non-engagement jewelry by offering an expanded range of products across several price points. This market should offer a great amount of growth opportunities for now and the future. All in all the brand and name recognition is the key aspect that the must pay attention to. Discussion 6.1 Michael Veltman Michael, Your post was very insightful. A main issue for Blue Nile is the lack of exposure through the their advertising. Blue Nile offers the best prices while still being able to create a profit. The low operations cost of the business enables them to offer low prices and still make a profit. On the other hand the lack of store front exposure creates a problem for gaining additional clients. By adding new products they can create there reach and drive more revenue.

Studying The Database Management System

Studying The Database Management System A Database Management System is a commercial software program used to control, manipulate and maintain the Database by enabling users to access, store, organize, modify, retrieve, secure and provide integrity of data in a database. A DBMS accepts request from users or applications and instructs the operating system to transfer the appropriate data as shown in the diagram below. Wikipedia (2011) defines Database Management System as a set of computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance, and the use of a database. It allows organizations to place control of database development in the hands of database administrators (DBAs) and other specialists. A DBMS is a system software package that helps the use of integrated collection of data records and files known as databases. It allows different user application programs to easily access the same database. DBMSs may use any of a variety of database models, such as the network model or relational model. In large systems, a DBMS allows users and other software to store and retrieve data in a structured way. Instead of having to write computer programs to extract information, user can ask simple questions in a query language. Thus, many DBMS packages provide Fourth-generation programming language (4GLs) and other application development features. It helps to specify the logical organization for a database and access and use the information within a database. It provides facilities for controlling data access, enforcing data integrity, managing concurrency, and restoring the database from backups. A DBMS also provides the ability to logically present database information to users. Examples: Microsoft Access, My SQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle and FileMaker Pro are all examples of database management systems. (Wikipedia, 2011). Microsoft Access: Microsoft Office Access, previously known as Microsoft Access, is a relational database management system from Microsoft that combines the relational Microsoft jet database Engine with a graphical user interface and software-development tools. It is a member of the Microsoft Office suite of applications, included in the Professional and higher editions or sold separately. In mid-May 2010, the current version Microsoft Access 2010 was released by Microsoft in Office 2010; Microsoft Office Access 2007 was the prior version. My SQL: MySQL is a relational database management system that runs as a server providing multi-user access to a number of databases. It is named after developer Michael Widenius daughter, my. The SQL phrase stands for Structured Query Language. Microsoft SQL Server: Microsoft SQL Server is a relational model database server produced by Microsoft. Its primary query languages are T-SQL and ANSI S SQL. Oracle: The Oracle Database (commonly referred to as Oracle RDBMS or simply as Oracle) is an object-relational database management system (ORDBMS), produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation. FileMaker Pro: FileMaker Pro is a cross-platform relational database application from FileMaker Inc., formerly Claris, a subsidiary of Apple Inc. It integrates a database engine with a GUI-based interface, allowing users to modify the database by dragging new elements into layouts, screens, or forms. Advantages Singh (2009) illustrates advantages and disadvantages of DBMS. A true DBMS offers several advantages over file processing. The principal advantages of a DBMS are the followings: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Flexibility: Because programs and data are independent, programs do not have to be modified when types of unrelated data are added to or deleted from the database, or when physical storage changes. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fast response to information requests: Because data are integrated into a single database, complex requests can be handled much more rapidly then if the data were located in separate, non-integrated files. In many businesses, faster response means better customer service. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Multiple access: Database software allows data to be accessed in a variety of ways (such as through various key fields) and often, by using several programming languages (both 3GL and nonprocedural 4GL programs). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lower user training costs: Users often find it easier to learn such systems and training costs may be reduced. Also, the total time taken to process requests may be shorter, which would increase user productivity. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Less storage: Theoretically, all occurrences of data items need be stored only once, thereby eliminating the storage of redundant data. System developers and database designers often use data normalization to minimize data redundancy. Warehouse of information, where large data can be stored. Systematic storage meaning data can be stored in the form of tables. Change of schema meaning it is not platform dependent tables can be edited to add new ones without hampering the applications. No language dependence meaning use of various languages on various platforms. Table joins meaning data can be in two or more tables and can be put into one table this enables easy retrieval of data. Data security meaning DBMS secures all your data. The data independence and efficient access of data Easy in data administration or data management. Provides concurrent access, recovers the data from the crashes. Disadvantages A database system generally provides on-line access to the database for many users. In contrast, a conventional system is often designed to meet a specific need and therefore generally provides access to only a small number of users. Because of the larger number of users accessing the data when a database is used, the enterprise may involve additional risks as compared to a conventional data processing system in the following areas. Confidentiality, privacy and security. Data quality. Data integrity. Enterprise vulnerability may be higher. The cost of using DBMS. Confidentiality, Privacy and Security When information is centralised and is made available to users from remote locations, the possibilities of abuse are often more than in a conventional data processing system. To reduce the chances of unauthorised users accessing sensitive information, it is necessary to take technical, administrative and, possibly, legal measures. Most databases store valuable information that must be protected against deliberate trespass and destruction. Data Quality Since the database is accessible to users remotely, adequate controls are needed to control users updating data and to control data quality. With increased number of users accessing data directly, there are enormous opportunities for users to damage the data. Unless there are suitable controls, the data quality may be compromised. Data Integrity Since a large number of users could be using a database concurrently, technical safeguards are necessary to ensure that the data remain correct during operation. The main threat to data integrity comes from several different users attempting to update the same data at the same time. The database therefore needs to be protected against inadvertent changes by the users. Enterprise Vulnerability Centralising all data of an enterprise in one database may mean that the database becomes an indispensible resource. The survival of the enterprise may depend on reliable information being available from its database. The enterprise therefore becomes vulnerable to the destruction of the database or to unauthorised modification of the database. The Cost of using a DBMS Conventional data processing systems are typically designed to run a number of well-defined, pre-planned processes. Such systems are often tuned to run efficiently for the processes that they were designed for. Although the conventional systems are usually fairly inflexible in that new applications may be difficult to implement and/or expensive to run, they are usually very efficient for the applications they are designed for. The database approach on the other hand provides a flexible alternative where new applications can be developed relatively inexpensively. The flexible approach is not without its costs and one of these costs is the additional cost of running applications that the conventional system was designed for. Using standardised software is almost always less machine efficient than specialised software. Cost of hardware and software meaning having to upgrade the hardware used for file based system it is very costly. Cost of data conversion meaning its costly to convert data of data files into database and have to hire database and system designers. Cost of staff training meaning organization has to be aid a lot of amount for the training of staff to run dms. Database damage meaning all data stored into a single file if database is damaged due to electric failure or database is corrupted on a storage media meaning all valuable data may be lost forever. It also takes a lot of time and effort to get DBMS started. Benefits of a Database Management System in an organization As discuss by the Ezinearticles (2011), organizations often times find themselves in a dilemma on how they can effectively serve the needs of their members. At the same time, they also enter a situation wherein there is difficulty in handling data, given the sheer volume of information. More often than not, the results of these instances are not anything but desirable; confusion, chaos, mismanagement, lost confidence by members, etc. To solve these problems, organizations turn to information technology (IT) experts for answers. With many years of experience in coming up with solutions for businesses and other entities, IT professionals have what it takes to come up with an effective data management and accreditation system that will be used by organizations. There must also be enhanced accessibility to the said system, which means that members from other locations can still gain entry into the system, regardless of elements such as time and geography. Investing on the services of IT consultants is, however, not like buying something from a store. It entails huge sums of money to come up with a good data management and accreditation system for an organization, aside from engaging the professional services of IT experts. Fortunately, IT experts can help minimize the cost through the creation of a database system based on existing resources being held by the organization. Investing on the services of IT experts and having a good data and accreditation management system may seem to be too costly, but the long-term benefits are worthy to be seen. By having a good database system, it will be much easier for organizations to deal with their members because of enhanced access to information. The placement of additional pieces of information can be done better if there is a good data management system. Having a good data and accreditation management system empowers members of an organization. This is possible because they have the ability to gain the necessary information about things that matter to them as members. They conduction of business with the organizations intervention is made faster and more efficient if a good data management system is in place. There is no reason for organizations to hesitate when it comes to investing on a good data and accreditation management system. The long-term benefits of having one are far greater than the costs, and will be very helpful to the organization and their members in the long run. Improved strategic use of corporate data. Reduced complexity of the organizations information systems environment. Reduced data redundancy and inconsistency. Enhanced data integrity. Application-data independence. Improved security. Reduced application development and maintenance costs. Improved flexibility of information systems. Increased access and availability of data and information. (Blurtit, 2011). Prospects in DBMS and Career Opportunities The work of a database administrator (DBA) varies according to the nature of the employing organisation and the level of responsibility associated with the post. The work may be pure maintenance or it may also involve specialising in database development. Prospects, the UKs official career website (2011) states that jobs available in this field are: Senior Database Architect Database Architect design and builds database structure and objects that best support operational and analytics application. Tests and debug physical database objects for performance and troubleshooting. * Design and implement optimal star and snowflake schema in the database * Communicate and collaborate with team members and management on the designed database structures and schemas * Write and present eloquently with the appropriate audience perspective in mind * Support troubleshooting of production issues of existing application as warranted * Participate in collaborative discussions with team members to monitor progress against enhancement queue and bug resolution. * Stay proactive in identifying potential risks/issues due to the overall application design and make recommendations. Database Administrator This position requires a Top Secret Security Clearance. This position will support a US Air Force Contract. The successful candidate will be responsible for planning, coordinating and administering computerized databases, including base definition, structure, documentation, long and short range requirements, operational guidelines, protection and logical-physical database design. Formulates and monitors policies, procedures and standards relating to database management. Identifies, evaluates and recommends relevant COTS software tools. Collaborate with software engineers, security administration, computer operations, network management and system administration to ensure quality and integrity of databases, application software and data. Responsible for performance monitoring, database. Database Architect Specialist Database Architect design and builds database structure and objects that best support operational and analytics application. Tests and debug physical database objects for performance and troubleshooting. * Design and implement optimal star and snowflake schema in the database * Communicate and collaborate with team members and management on the designed database structures and schemas * Write and present eloquently with the appropriate audience perspective in mind * Support troubleshooting of production issues of existing application as warranted * Participate in collaborative discussions with team members to monitor progress against enhancement queue and bug resolution. * Stay proactive in identifying potential risks/issues due to the overall application design and make recommendations. Database Administration Consultant Evaluates new database technologies and tools, sets database system and programming standards, applies database technology to business problems and manages the development and production database environments with emphasis on security, availability and performance. Provides database services in compliance with all audit and regulatory requirements. The ideal candidate must be experienced in the management of Oracle E-Business 11.5.10.2 including installation, upgrade, patching, cloning, backup and recovery, monitoring, tuning, security, and definition of procedures for custom development. The ideal candidate must be experienced in the implementation and management of Oracle E-Business 11.5.10.2 as configured for the Oracle Massive Availability Architecture. Senior Database Engineer Responsible for requirements analysis, software development and installation, integration, evaluation, enhancement, maintenance, testing, and problem diagnosis and resolution. Qualifications: Bachelors degree with ten (10) years experience as a Database Engineer in developing relational database software and experience with one or more relational database products. Preferred Additional Skills: Possess organizational and management skills, along with the ability to respond to crises objectively. Understanding of the current database management system releases. Conclusion The document that we have put together is a group assignment that was done by four individuals. Some of the problems that we faced as a group are that, we couldnt meet due to our clashing schedules; others are busy with other obligations. We would like to say that we tried to produce the best group work that we could, hopefully learnt from this experience to better ourselves for our future endeavors.